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Adorable and Charming Villages in Alsace Accessible by Train
There are actually many more towns and villages in Alsace accessible by train, but I'm focusing more on the most picturesque of them. The truth is 99% of all the villages in Alsace accessible by train are adorable and charming, but we can't see them all, so here are my favorites. 
I chose villages and towns accessible by train in Alsace that: still have some of their medieval city walls and gates still have some medieval buildings have unique museums and exhibitions have a long history of wine making where interesting things happened
So all the villages in Alsace accessible by train on this list have medieval buildings, city walls, city gates, unique museums, wineries, vineyards, AND/OR interesting people and events. Hopefully, they have it all (and many of them do).
Train Lines
Southern Alsace
Mulhouse-Belfort Train Line Mulhouse is the second largest city in Alsace. It's specialty is its museums. It has a world-class car museum, among others... Belfort is not actually in Alsace anymore, but it's history is closely tied to Alsace. It's also a large and very interesting city with a beautiful old town as well as great museums and, of course, there is the Citadel... Altkirch is a smaller town in the Sundgau region of Alsace. It's built up a hill. The view from the top next to the city church is great. One of the local specialties in the Sundgau is fried carp.
Mulhouse-Cernay-Thann Train Line Mulhouse is the second largest city in Alsace. It's specialty is its museums. It has a world-class car museum, among others... Thann is the first stop on the Alsatian Wine Road in southern Alsace and is one the interesting villages in Alsace accessible by train. The 13th century collegiate church and the Engelbourg castle are worth checking out. Vieux-Thann (or Old Thann) is right next to Thann (surprise!). But that doesn't mean Thann is new. Vieux-Thann was Thann before Thann existed. Cernay is right next to Thann and is also on the Wine Road. It's considered to be where Julius Caesar defeated Ariovistus and his Germanic tribe in 58 BC.
Mulhouse-Basel-Frick/Laufenberg Train Line Mulhouse is the second largest city in Alsace. It's specialty is its museums. It has a world-class car museum, among others... Saint-Louis is the last stop before you head into Switzerland. And it's also the closest train station to the Basel/Mulhouse airport. So it's not one of the most beautiful towns or villages in Alsace accessible by train, but it is a very important one. This is where you can catch the bus that links the Euroairport with the French trains. Good to know! Basel is one of the larger cities in Switzerland. You can check out its 10th century church, the Munsterkirche, or just wander through the unbelievably well preserved medieval city center (very unusual for a city of this size). And if that's not enough, there's always the still-standing enormous late medieval city gate, the Spalentor. Kaiseraugst is a little village in Switzerland (just outside of Basel) with well preserved roman ruins. It's one of the few in the region that hasn't been completely destroyed.
North-South Alsace
Mulhouse-Colmar-Selestat-Strasbourg Train Line Mulhouse is the second largest city in Alsace. It's specialty is its museums. It has a world-class car museum, among others... Rouffach is a charming village on the Wine Road near Colmar. It's also one of the wine growing villages in Alsace accessible by train. You can find remains from the Celts, Romans, Franks here. It's been attacked, burned, and bombed from the 12th century to the 20th, but still a lot has survived. A great day trip. Colmar is a small city with beautiful (mostly renaissance) homes. Unfortunately Louis XIV had its city walls torn down after the Thirty Years War. Ribeauville is one of the more famous villages on the Alsatian Wine Road. So it is very charming. What you may not know is that (supposedly) the Kougelhopf, a well-known Alsatian cake, was first created here. This is one of the villages in Alsace accessible by train, but the train station is a bit of a walk from the actual village, so bring your walking shoes! Selestat is a small and charming city that is said to be the birthplace of the Christmas tree. It's humanist library has books from as far back as the 7th century. Strasbourg is the capital of Alsace and its largest city. The cathedral is gorgeous, but so is the Tanners' District. If you think you have what it takes, you can climb the stairs to the top of the cathedral (over 300 steps).
Central Alsace
Colmar-Munster-Metzeral Train Line Colmar is a small city with beautiful (mostly renaissance) homes. Unfortunately Louis XIV had its city walls torn down after the Thirty Years War. Turckheim is a village on the Alsatian Wine Road near Colmar. It's one of the few villages that still has its city walls and gates. The nightwatchman patrols the streets of Turckheim every night at 10pm (May through October) singing traditional Alsatian songs. And it's one of the villages in Alsace accessible by train. Munster is a small city famous for its Munster cheese. It's a very strongly flavored cheese. They've been making it in the same way since the 10th century.
Northern Alsace
Strasbourg-Molsheim-Selestat Train Line Strasbourg is the capital of Alsace and its largest city. The cathedral is gorgeous, but so is the Tanners' District. If you think you have what it takes, you can climb the stairs to the top of the cathedral (over 300 steps). Molsheim is a one of the beautiful villages in Alsace accessible by train on the Wine Road with its walls and gates still intact. It was also the home of the Bugatti factory. 
Rosheim is a village on the Wine Road that still has its city walls and gates as well as a 12th century home which is considered to be the oldest in all Alsace. Obernai is the birthplace of the patron saint of Alsace, St Odile. It has existed since at least 778. Its city walls and gates have survived a lot of conflict with 30 towers still standing. Barr is as charming as all the villages in Alsace accessible by train on the wine road, but with less tourists which can make it all the more enjoyable to visit if you're looking for a little peace and quiet. Epfig, known to have existed since 762 AD, is a charming village on the Wine Road. One of France's larger chocolate manufacturers is based in Epfig too (chocolate and wine anybody?) Dambach-la-Ville still has its medieval walls and gates and it's one of the wine growing villages in Alsace accessible by train. It's church, St Sebastien, is interesting. Look for the unusual sconces... St Sebastien is believed to protect people against the Plague. Scherwiller was the location of the very unpleasant end of the Peasants Revolt in 1529 where they were basically slaughtered. Two castles, the Ortenbourg and the Ramstein, are nearby too. Selestat is a small and charming city that is supposedly the birthplace of the Christmas tree. It's Humanist library has books from as far back as the 7th century.
Hagenau-Obermodern-Saverne Train Line Hagenau was a favorite village of Frederick Barbarossa (one of the Holy Roman Emperors). City walls, gates, and other buildings have survived. There's also an interesting Alsatian museum. Neuwiller-les-Saverne houses the St Pierre and St Paul church which was founded in the 11th and 12th century. It was also one of the first churches in Alsace to be shared by Catholics and Protestants during the Reformation. Saverne has plenty to see. The Rohan Palace has the Archaeology and History museums. There is a 14th century monastery and a 12th century castle too.
Strasbourg-Hagenau-Bitche Train Line Strasbourg is the capital of Alsace and its largest city. The cathedral is gorgeous, but so is the Tanners' District. If you think you have what it takes, you can climb the stairs to the top of the cathedral (over 300 steps). Hagenau was a favorite village of Frederick Barbarossa (one of the Holy Roman Emperors). City walls, gates, and other buildings have survived. There's also an interesting Alsatian museum. Niederbronn-les-Bains has been a spa town since roman times. The natural spring runs though the town where you can taste it at its source or visit the water bottling plant nearby. And if you like, you can try out the casino. It's one of only two in all of Alsace. And it's also one of the many charming villages in Alsace accessible by train.
Lichtenberg-Wimmenau-Ingwiller Train Line
Strasbourg-Hagenau-Wissembourg-Neustad Train Line Strasbourg is the capital of Alsace and its largest city. The cathedral is gorgeous, but so is the Tanners' District. If you think you have what it takes, you can climb the stairs to the top of the cathedral (over 300 steps). Hagenau was a favorite village of Frederick Barbarossa (one of the Holy Roman Emperors). City walls, gates, and other buildings have survived. There's also an interesting Alsatian museum. Hunspach is a very well cared for and preserved Alsatian village with many typical Alsatian homes and barns. The village is very proud of its heritage and the villagers often dress in traditional costumes for special occasions. Wissembourg was founded in the 6th century by the Merovingian King Dagobert. It's truly a large medieval village with over 70 houses dating from before 1700 (many from the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries).
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